GITBOOK-3: change request with no subject merged in GitBook

publications/SUMMARY.md

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 * [Threat Modeling for Space Systems](threat-modeling-for-space-systems.md)
 * [Cognitive Warfare Strategies](cognitive-warfare-strategies.md)
 * [How Radiofrequency Interference Threatens Space Missions](how-radiofrequency-interference-threatens-space-missions.md)
+* [How Electromagnetic Interference Impacts Space Missions](how-electromagnetic-interference-impacts-space-missions.md)

publications/how-electromagnetic-interference-impacts-space-missions.md

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+---
+description: Hazards and Mitigations
+coverY: 0
+---
+
+# How Electromagnetic Interference Impacts Space Missions
+
+Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), a phenomenon where unwanted electromagnetic emissions disrupt the operation of electronic systems, poses a significant threat in space missions. In the vast expanse of outer space, the lack of terrestrial shielding and the plethora of emitting sources augment the challenges posed by EMI, making it a critical concern for ensuring mission success.
+
+### **Understanding EMI**
+
+EMI manifests in various forms, such as Conducted EMI, Radiated EMI, and Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), each with distinct generation and propagation mechanisms. While Conducted and Radiated EMI traverse through conductive paths and air respectively, ESD occurs due to sudden discharges of built-up static electricity, showcasing the myriad ways EMI can affect electronic systems.
+
+### **EMI in Outer Space**
+
+Space, a realm of both natural and artificial electromagnetic emissions, presents a unique EMI landscape. Natural sources like cosmic radiation and solar storms, alongside artificial sources like terrestrial transmitters, contribute to the EMI milieu. EMI’s interference with spacecraft electronics can manifest as noise, data corruption, or even catastrophic failure. Historical incidents, such as satellite malfunctions during solar storms, underscore the real-world implications of EMI on space missions.
+
+### **Testing and Mitigation**
+
+Mitigating EMI necessitates rigorous testing protocols to assess the susceptibility of space systems. Techniques like shielding, which involves enclosing sensitive electronics in conductive materials, and filtering, which entails eliminating unwanted frequencies, are pivotal in reducing EMI's adverse effects. Grounding and maintaining signal integrity further contribute to a robust EMI mitigation strategy, as evidenced in various space missions that employed these measures to counter EMI threats.
+
+### **Intentional EMI (IEMI) as Cybersecurity Threat**
+
+IEMI, where adversaries deliberately generate EMI to disrupt space systems, morphs EMI into a cybersecurity threat. Techniques like jamming, spoofing, and denial-of-service attacks exemplify IEMI’s malicious intent. Cybersecurity measures, ranging from robust encryption to intrusion detection systems, play a crucial role in thwarting IEMI threats, as illustrated in instances where sophisticated cybersecurity frameworks averted potential IEMI attacks on space assets.
+
+### **Protection and Future Trends**
+
+Protection against EMI encompasses electronic measures like data encryption and error protection coding, which enhance the resilience of communication links against interference. Emerging technologies like laser-based communications and quantum encryption herald a new era in EMI mitigation. For instance, ongoing research and testing on laser communication systems aim at establishing more secure and EMI-resistant communication channels for space missions.
+
+### **Regulatory Landscape**
+
+International standards, such as those stipulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), govern EMI in space. International cooperation, as seen in joint space missions and shared EMI mitigation research, is instrumental in managing the global EMI threat. Such collaborative endeavors have yielded substantial advancements in EMI mitigation, setting a positive precedent for future international efforts in managing space-based EMI risks.
+
+### **Conclusion**
+
+A multi-faceted approach, encompassing rigorous testing, robust mitigation, adherence to international standards, and the deployment of emerging technologies, is imperative for navigating the silent threat of EMI in space missions. As we propel into a new era of space exploration, addressing EMI with a holistic and globally collaborative approach will be paramount in ensuring the safety and success of space endeavors.