https://linuxconfig.org/how-to-label-hard-drive-partition-under-linux
    sudo e2label /dev/sda5 "MY_BACKUP"
    # for ext fs-s only

https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/230308/how-can-i-set-a-label-on-a-dm-cryptluks-container
    sudo cryptsetup config /dev/nvme0n1p2 --label luks
    sudo cryptsetup config /dev/nvme0n1p3 --label luks

sudo tune2fs -L luks /dev/nvme0n1p3
sudo tune2fs -L luks /dev/dm-0

tune2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/nvme0n1p3
/dev/nvme0n1p3 contains a crypto_LUKS file system
...
I expect you have to perform tune2fs on this /dev/mapper/xxx-xxx, there is the visible ext4 filesystem.

l /dev/disk/by-label
good
    luks@ ⇒ ../../nvme0n1p2
    root@ ⇒ ../../nvme0n1p1
bad
    NO_LABEL@ ⇒ ../../nvme0n1p1

l /dev/mapper
before
    control
after (by label)
    luks@ ⇒ ../dm-0
    and after that it is available:
        /dev/dm-0
    blkid
        /dev/nvme0n1p2: UUID="..." LABEL="luks" TYPE="crypto_LUKS" PARTUUID="..."
after (by uuid)
    luks-788e6b7d-18de-4c73-973a-27126348c4cb@ ⇒ ../dm-0
    blkid
        /dev/mapper/luks-...: UUID="..." BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4"

???
/dev/disk/by-partlabel

https://forum.endeavouros.com/t/how-to-create-new-uuid-for-external-drive/43391/5
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/12858/how-to-change-filesystem-uuid-2-same-uuid
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/257652/change-encrypted-partition-uuid
    For changing the file system UUID you have to decrypt /dev/sda1
        sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/disk/by-uuid/788e6b7d-18de-4c73-973a-27126348c4cb luks-788e6b7d-18de-4c73-973a-27126348c4cb
    and then run tune2fs on the decrypted device mapper device.

    To change the UUID of the LUKS volume, use cryptsetup luksUUID --uuid=<the new UUID> /dev/sda1.

https://superuser.com/questions/1393014/change-partitions-labels-only-on-dolphin-or-change-label-on-not-mounted-luks-pa
    sudo cryptsetup status /dev/mapper/luks
    sudo cryptsetup status /dev/mapper/luks-788e6b7d-18de-4c73-973a-27126348c4cb
        ...
        type: LUKS1
        ...
    sudo cryptsetup convert /dev/nvme0n1p3 --type luks2 --debug
    sudo cryptsetup config /dev/nvme0n1p3 --label luks